High tumor budding activity may predict poor prognosis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

Background: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which is the most common carcinoma of the respiratory system after lung carcinomas is graded by the World Health Organization (WHO) into three groups as grades 1, 2, and 3. This system does not correlate with the prognosis and has a low reproducibility among the pathologists. Searching for a new grading system, in this study, we investigated the relationship between tumor budding and histomorphological parameters and survival status. We examined the new grading system based on cell nest size and tumor budding. Methods: Partial and total laryngectomy materials of 130 patients diagnosed as laryngeal SCC between 2012 and 2018 in our clinic were evaluated retrospectively by two pathologists. Tumor budding activity and cell nests were scored and a new score was obtained by summing the scores. According to the scores obtained, a new grading system was created. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the tumor budding activity and the overall and disease-free survival times of the groups. The overall and disease-free survival time of the patients with high tumor budding significantly reduced. Tumor budding was found to be low in the presence of an intense lymphocytic host response (P < 0.05). There was no relationship between the new grade system and cell nest size and life expectancy (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Tumor budding provides significant clues in predicting the life expectancy of the patients. Therefore, tumor budding might be a component of new grading systems and should take place in pathology reports.

Do immunohistochemical studies have a role in predicting prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas? CD44 and Fascin experience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) can be made easily based on histopathological findings, but the relationship between morphological findings and prognosis is not clear. In addition to morphological findings, the use of novel markers may contribute to the development of new treatment strategies and improved patient prognosis. CD44, which is a cancer stem cell marker, and Fascin-1, an actin-binding protein has been associated with poor prognosis in many tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between CD44 and Fascin-1 expression and clinicopathologic parameters in LSCC and their roles in the determination of clinical behavior and prognosis. The aim of this study is to investigate whether CD44 and Fascin have a relationship with clinicopathological parameters and have a role in determining clinical behavior and prognosis in LSCC. METHODS: 130 patients who were operated in our hospital for LSCC between 2012 and 2018 were included in this study. Fascin-1 and CD44 stains were applied immunohistochemically to the paraffin blocks of the tumors. Immunostained specimens were scored according to the intensity of staining and the percentage of staining for each marker. Overall scores were summed and was designated as immunoreactivity score (IRS). Finally, IRS was categorized into two groups; Low and High CD44/Fascin IRS. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between low and high CD44 and Fascin IRS groups in terms of clinicopathologic parameters, overall and disease-free survival (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Immunhistochemical studies are not yet sufficient to predict patient prognosis. Morphological findings still remain of priority and importance for pathologists.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 positivity is associated with ER negativity in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewable and can be differentiated into different cell types. They play an important role in oncogenic signaling pathways, tumor cell heterogeneity, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) was identified as a specific marker for breast CSCs. The study included a total of 105 patients with a diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) who underwent mastectomy and with sufficient pathology material for histopathological examination. Patient demographics, tumor location, tumor diameter, the presence of lymphovascular and perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis, surgical margin status, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining results were obtained from patients' records. The tumors were classified into IHC-based molecular subtypes according to the St. Gallen Consensus Conference in 2013. A four-tiered scoring system was used based on ALDH1 staining percentage in tumor cells. The tumor was determined as positive if the score was 2 or higher. Clinical, histopathological findings, and ALDH1 staining results were correlated. Twenty-five cases (23.8%) were ALDH1 positive. The ALDH1 positive group compared to the negative group was found to be associated with ER negativity (p = 0.044), but there was no correlation with other clinical and histopathological findings. ALDH1-positive IDCs may be less sensitive to hormonal therapy and associated with aggressive behavior.

A rare cause of type 1 complex regional pain syndrome: Osteoblastoma of the talus.

We report a 14-year-old boy who presented with pain in the left foot and ankle for about 9 months. The clinical symptoms of the patient suggested complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging studies ravealed a bone tumor in the talus, consistent with an osteoblastoma. The patient underwent operative treatment with curettage and grafting. The complaints of the patient completely resolved by 6 months after surgery, and there was no recurrence at the postoperative 23th month follow-up.

Long-term outcomes in pediatric appendiceal carcinoids: Turkey experience.

The tendency of non-operative management of appendicitis let us explore the natural history of appendiceal carcinoids, compare them with appendicitis patients, and determine the possibility of deciding the extent of the surgery and post-operative follow-up on behalf of the intraoperative findings. A retrospective review was performed of patients with appendicitis between 2009 and 2017. Of 2781 patients, 10 (0.36%) were diagnosed with appendiceal carcinoids. Sixty percent were female with an average age of 13.10 ± 1.73. The mean tumor size was 0.97 ± 0.34 cm with 70% located at the tip. Majority had an insular pattern (n = 9), six had subserosal fat tissue invasion, one had extension to mesoappendix, one had vascular invasion, and two had lymphatic invasion. The average mitotic index was 3.20 ± 1.40/50HPF, and Ki 67 activity was 3 ± 1.7%. The mean follow-up period was 66.40 ± 25.92 months. Patients were further evaluated with ultrasonography (n = 10), CT (n = 3), and MRI (n = 10). Serum markers including chromogranin (n = 9), NSE (n = 6), and 5-HIAA (n = 6) were normal. None required further treatment and had any symptoms of carcinoid syndromes or recurrences post-operatively.Conclusion: Other than appendectomy, no additional surgery or follow-up is required in appendiceal carcinoids less than 1.5 cm in size, regardless of the lymphoid or vascular invasion. What is Known: • The treatment of patients with a 1-2-cm tumor is not clear in both the pediatric and adult populations, and additional resection is needed. • Patients are monitored post-operatively with radiological and/or biochemical testing. What is New: • Appendectomy is curative for tumors less than 2 cm. • No additional surgery or follow-up is required in appendiceal carcinoids less than 1.5 cm in size regardless of the lymphoid or vascular invasion.

Isotretinoin induced achilles tendinopathy: Histopathological and biomechanical evaluation on rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate histopathological and biomechanical effects of isotretinoin on Achilles tendon. MATERIALS & METHODS: Sixteen rats were divided into two groups including the control group (n = 8) and isotretinoin group (n = 8). The control group received 1.42 ml/kg soy oil per day whereas the isotretinoin group received 15 mg/kg/day (gavage dose 1.42 ml/kg) isotretinoin dissolved in soy oil through gavage method for 6 weeks. Achilles tendons were excised at the end of week 6. The tendon samples were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin under a light microscope. Quantitative evaluation was performed via Movin and Bonar scoring. A computer-monitored tensile testing machine was utilised for biomechanical testing. Biomechanical characteristics of the tendon samples (elastic modulus, yield force, ultimate tensile force) were measured. RESULTS: Histopathological evaluation revealed a significantly higher Movin and Bonar scores in histopathological evaluation. Movin score in isotretinoin group was 4.1 ± 2.5 and it was 2.3 ± 1.0 in control group (p = 0.032). Bonar score in isotretinoin group was 2.9 ± 1.4 and it was 1.6 ± 0.7 in control group (p = 0.022). In line with histopathological evaluation, biomechanical measurements in isotretinoin group (elastic modulus, yield force, ultimate tensile force) were significantly lower than the control group. Elastic modulus in isotretinoin group was 227 ± 27.7 N/mm2 and in control group it was 281.7 ± 38.7 N/mm2 (p = 0.006). In isotretinoin group; yield force was 33.7 ± 4.3 Pa and in control group it was 40.8 ± 5.9 Pa (p = 0.021). Ultimate tensile force in isotretinoin group was 35.7 ± 4.2 Pa and in control group it was 44 ± 7 Pa (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: The present study detected histopathological and biomechanical negative effect of isotretinoin on Achilles tendon. Therefore, isotretinoin should be questioned in medical history of patients with tendinopathy.

Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor: a rare tumor of proximal femur.

Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor is a very rarely observed benign fibro-osseous lesion, which contains complex histological structures. It was first described in the year 1986. Histopathological examination of the lesion may show myxoid areas, osteoclastic activity, bone trabeculae similar to fibrous dysplasia, fat necrosis, ischemic ossification and rarely cartilage components. This lesion, which is particularly localized to the proximal femur, is thought to be associated with fibrous dysplasia. In this case report, we aim to present a liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor case, which was treated surgically, in light of the literature review. The patient who was treated with curettage, grafting and 95-degree dynamic condylar screw-plate system was asymptomatic at the 16th month control and recurrence was not detected.

Prognostic Significance of Mitotic Activity in Noninvasive, Low-Grade, Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most useful method to detect the mitotic count (MC) by comparing different techniques, to determine a cutoff value for mitotic activity (MA), and to evaluate the correlation of this value with the recurrence of noninvasive low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasm (LGPUC). STUDY DESIGN: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 55 LGPUC cases were evaluated for their MA. MC was determined using 4 different methods. In Method 1, cases with 3 mitoses in 1 single focus of a high-power field (HPF x 400) were found, and in Method 2, cases with ≥ 5 mitoses in 1 singlefocus of an HPF, in any level of the neoplastic epithelium, were determined. The areas with the highest MA values in the lower third and those with the highest MA values in the upper two-thirds of the neoplastic epithelium were marked in Methods 3 and 4, respectively. Then, mitotic figures were counted in these fields, and cases with 5 mitoses were determined. RESULTS: In the recurrent group the number of cases with ≥ 5 mitoses, as detected by Methods 2 and 4, was significantly higher than that found for the nonrecurrent group (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The number of mitoses, as detected by Methods 1 and 3, was not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest that determining MC may be used as a prognostic marker to predict LGPUC recurrence and that the mitotic numbers should be included in the initial pathology report to guide the clinician in patient management.

Glomus tumor located in deltoid muscle.

Glomus tumors are benign soft tissue neoplasms arising from the glomus body, which are primarily found under the nail bed of the fingers. They are rarely located in other parts of the body. Only 8 cases of glomus tumors around the shoulder have been published in the literature. The purpose of this study was to present a glomus tumor located in the deltoid muscle in a 68-year-old male patient that was surgically treated by marginal excision. The patient remained asymptomatic, and no recurrence was detected at 2-year follow up.

Primary Endometrial Adenocarcinoma with Signet-Ring Cells: A Rarely Observed Case and Review of the Literature.

An extremely rare case of a "primary endometrial adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells" is presented in this study with microscopical images of the characteristic coexistence of the tumour and intermediate precancerous areas containing signet-ring cells.

Dystrophic-Anagen Effluvium Occurring During Pegylated Interferon-α-2a/Ribavirin Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Various types of dermatological manifestations have been reported due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and anti-HCV therapy. Some of them have been described during IFN-based therapies. PEG-IFN-α-2a/RBV combination is used as the international standard of treatment for HCV infection for a long time. The combination therapy yields an adverse-event profile similar to standard interferon (IFN) therapy. Some of these adverse effects are rheumatologic, neuropsychiatric and dermatological manifestations including alopecia. CASE PRESENTATION: We reported a 43-year-old woman with dystrophic anagen effluvium (DAE), rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto thyroiditis, which were developed under the combination therapy for chronic HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Although some cases of alopecia areata (AA) and telogen effluvium (TE) were reported in literature, no case of DAE associated with PEG-INF-α-2a /RBV combination therapy was reported previously.

[Acute myeloid leukemia diagnosed with soft tissue mass in the right thigh]. / Sag uylukta yumusak doku kitlesi ile tani konulan akut miyeloid lösemi.

Myeloid sarcoma is a very rare solid tumor which frequently accompanies myeloproliferative disorders and consists of immature myeloid cells. A 47-year-old male patient admitted to our clinic with complaints of swelling and pain in the right thigh. After diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma was made with tru-cut biopsy, acute myeloid leukemia was diagnosed by hematology clinic as a result of peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy. No surgical intervention was performed. Patient was treated with chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia, and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In the follow-up period, patient was asymptomatic at 14 months and magnetic resonance imaging showed almost complete regression of the tumor.

Case study of a parotid gland adenocarcinoma dedifferentiated from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.

Dedifferentiation is defined as high-grade malignant tumor development out of a low-grade malignant tumor. We present an adenocarcinoma tumor of the parotid gland that was dedifferentiated from a low-grade epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and was followed up for 3 years. Our patient, a 46-year-old female, presented with a left parotid mass of 20-year duration. Histopathologic results showed that there was only one area of typical epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, with foci of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified; NOS) and clear cytoplasm in the parotid gland. Immunohistochemical staining results showed SMA (+), P63 (+), CK8 (+), and S100 (+) on epithelial cells. A review of the literature revealed 22 previously reported cases of dedifferentiated epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. In these cases, the malignant tumors that dedifferentiated from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma were adenoid cystic carcinoma, actinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and intraductal carcinoma. In our case, the malignant tumor that dedifferentiated from the epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Histopathological results showed that metastases were not seen in the neck-dissection material. As a result, our case will make a contribution to the literature in terms of prognosis, because there are very few reported cases of dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma development arising from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.

A rare cartilaginous tumor in the phalangeal bone: enchondroma protuberans.

Enchondroma protuberans is a very rare benign cartilage tumor. Unlike intramedullary enchondromas; they originate from medulla and expands exophytically outside the cortex. We presenet a 19-year-old male patient with an enchondroma protuberans treated surgically, with excision and intramedullary curettage. The patient was asymptomatic and no recurrence was recorded in the 1 year follow-up.

Localized giant cell tenosynovial tumor seen in the knee joint.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor is a locally aggressive tumor arising from the synovia of the fibrous tissue surrounding the joints, tendon sheaths, mucosal bursas, and tendons. Although it is often to be observed at the hand, localized form is very rare in the knee joint. In this case report, we aimed to present a very rare case of a surgically treated intra-articular giant cell tenosynovial tumor arising from the hoffa's infrapatellar fat pad of a 19-year-old male patient, by reviewing the literature. The patient we have treated with marginal excision was asymptomatic at the 14th month in the controls and recurrence was not detected.

Predicting malignant potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Role of p16 and E2F1 expression.

Altered expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in GISTs (gastrointestinal stromal tumors) may be the mechanism for their diversity in clinical behavior. The use of these tumorigenetic and cell proliferative proteins may provide an alternative route for follow-up and treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic relevance of the E2F1 and p16 expression in GISTs. Tissues from 21 cases with GIST were collected retrospectively. Tumor grade was designated according to the consensus system. Immunohistochemistry was done with antibodies against Ki-67, p16, E2F1. For statistical analysis, Ki-67 proliferation index was evaluated in 2 categories: < or =10% and >10%, whereas p16 expression was scored as negative or positive. E2F1 expression cutoff values were tested for risk group variables as >5% and >10%. Correlation between the presence of necrosis, Ki-67 proliferation index, p16, E2F1 expression and the risk grade was determined by Spearman correlation test. Sensitivity and specificity were determined by Fisher exact test with P < or =0.05 considered as significant. High E2F1 expression (over 10%) and high Ki-67 proliferation index (over 10%) correlated significantly with increasing risk grade. There was also a significant correlation between the presence of necrosis and high-risk grade. No correlation was found between the risk grade and p16 expression. Our results suggest that in addition to high Ki-67 proliferation index, high E2F1 expression may also be a useful predictive marker for malignant potential of GISTs.

Mucinous tumor of uncertain malignant potential in a perforated appendectomy specimen. A case report.

Mucinous tumors of uncertain malignant potential are rare; there are only occasional reports. We report the first case where the tumor was identified incidentally following resection of a perforated appendicitis. There was no previous history to suggest for a mucinous tumor. No other abnormalities were found at surgery. Treatment included right hemicolectomy, considering the risk of residual or metastatic disease of about 10%. The patient is alive and well twelve months after resection of the tumor.